Organic Corrosion Inhibitors – Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications

Provides comprehensive coverage of organic corrosion inhibitors used in modern industrial platforms, including current developments in the design of promising classes of organic corrosion inhibitors Corrosion is the cause of significant economic and safety-related problems that span across industries and applications, including production and processing operations, transportation and public utilities infrastructure, and oil and gas exploration. The use of organic corrosion inhibitors is a simple and cost-effective method for protecting processes, machinery, and materials while remaining environmentally acceptable. Organic Corrosion Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications provides up-to-date coverage of all aspects of organic corrosion inhibitors, including their fundamental characteristics, synthesis, characterization, inhibition mechanism, and industrial applications. Divided into five sections, the text first covers the basics of corrosion and prevention, experimental and computational testing, and the differences between organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors. The next section describes various heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic corrosion inhibitors, followed by discussion of the corrosion inhibition characteristics of carbohydrates, amino acids, and other organic green corrosion inhibitors. The final two sections examine the corrosion inhibition properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide, and review the application of natural and synthetic polymers as corrosion inhibitors. Featuring contributions by leading researchers and scientists from academia and industry, this authoritative volume: * Discusses the latest developments and issues in the area of corrosion inhibition, including manufacturing challenges and new industrial applications * Explores the development and implementation of environmentally-friendly alternatives to traditional toxic corrosion inhibitors * Covers both established and emerging classes of corrosion inhibitors as well as future research directions * Describes the anticorrosive mechanisms and effects of acyclic, cyclic, natural, and synthetic corrosion inhibitors Offering an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, Organic Corrosion Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications is essential reading for chemists, chemical engineers, researchers, industry professionals, and advanced students working in fields such as corrosion inhibitors, corrosion engineering, materials science, and applied chemistry. Preface xv About the Editors xvii List of Contributors xix Part I Basics of Corrosion and Prevention 1 1 An Overview of Corrosion 3 Marziya Rizvi 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Basics about Corrosion 3 1.2 Economic and Social Aspect of Corrosion 4 1.3 The Corrosion Mechanism 5 1.3.1 Anodic Reaction 6 1.3.2 Cathodic Reactions 7 1.4 Classification of Corrosion 8 1.4.1 Uniform Corrosion 8 1.4.2 Pitting Corrosion 9 1.4.3 Crevice Corrosion 9 1.4.4 Galvanic Corrosion 9 1.4.5 Intergranular Corrosion 10 1.4.6 Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 10 1.4.7 Filiform Corrosion 10 1.4.8 Erosion Corrosion 10 1.4.9 Fretting Corrosion 11 1.4.10 Exfoliation 11 1.4.11 Dealloying 11 1.4.12 Corrosion Fatigue 11 1.5 Common Methods of Corrosion Control 11 1.5.1 Materials Selection and Design 12 1.5.2 Coatings 12 1.5.3 Cathodic Protection (CP) 12 1.5.4 Anodic Protection 13 1.5.5 Corrosion Inhibitors 13 1.6 Adsorption Type Corrosion Inhibitors 13 1.6.1 Anodic Inhibitors 14 1.6.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 14 1.6.3 Mixed Inhibitors 14 1.6.4 Green Corrosion Inhibitors 15 References 15 2 Methods of Corrosion Monitoring 19 Sheerin Masroor 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Methods and Discussion 21 2.2.1 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques 21 2.3 Conclusion 33 References 33 3 Computational Methods of Corrosion Monitoring 39 Hassane Lgaz, Abdelkarim Chaouiki, Mustafa R. Al-Hadeethi, Rachid Salghi, and Han-Seung Lee 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Quantum Chemical (QC) Calculations-Based DFT Method 40 3.2.1 Theoretical Framework 40 3.2.2 Theoretical Application of DFT in Corrosion Inhibition Studies: Design and Chemical Reactivity Prediction of Inhibitors 42 3.2.2.1 HOMO and LUMO Electron Densities 43 3.2.2.2 HOMO and LUMO Energies 43 3.2.2.3 Electronegativity (s), Chemical Potential (mu), Hardness (eta), and Softness (sigma) Indices 43 3.2.2.4 Electron-Donating Power (omega.) and Electron-Accepting Power (omega+) 44 3.2.2.5 The Fraction of Electrons Transferred (DeltaN) 44 3.2.2.6 Fukui Indices (FIs) 45 3.3 Atomistic Simulations 45 3.3.1 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations 46 3.3.1.1 Total Energy Minimization 46 3.3.1.2 Ensemble 47 3.3.1.3 Force Fields 47 3.3.1.4 Periodic Boundary Condition 47 3.3.2 Monte Carlo (MC) Simulations 48 3.3.3 Parameters Derived from MD and MC Simulations of Corrosion Inhibition 48 3.3.3.1 Interaction and Binding Energies 49 3.3.3.2 Radial Distribution Function 50 3.3.3.3 Mean Square Displacement, Diffusion Coefficient, and Fractional Free Volume 50 Acknowledgments 51 Suggested Reading 51 References 51 4 Organ1c and Inorgan1c Corros1on Inh1b1tors: A Compar1son 59 Goncagl Serdaroglu and Savas’ Kaya 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 61 4.2.1 Organic Corrosion Inhibitors 61 4.2.1.1 Azoles 62 4.2.1.2 Azepines 63 4.2.1.3 Pyridine and Azines 64 4.2.1.4 Indoles 65 4.2.1.5 Quinolines 66 4.2.1.6 Carboxylic Acid and Biopolymers 67 4.2.1.7 Inorganic Corrosion Inhibitors 68 4.2.1.8 Anodic Inhibitors 69 4.2.1.9 Cathodic Inhibitors 69 References 69 Part II Heterocyclic and Non-Heterocyclic Corrosion Inhibitors 75 5 Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors: A Review 77 Chandrabhan Verma, M. A. Quraishi, Eno E. Ebenso,and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 5.1 Introduction 77 5.1.1 Corrosion: Basics and Its Inhibition 77 5.1.2 Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors 78 5.1.2.1 1o-, 2o-, and 3o-Aliphatic Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors 79 5.1.2.2 Amides and Thio-Amides as Corrosion Inhibitors 81 5.1.2.3 Schiff Bases as Corrosion Inhibitors 82 5.1.2.4 Amine-Based Drugs and Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors 85 5.1.2.5 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 88 5.2 Conclusion and Outlook 88 Important Websites 89 References 89 6 Imidazole and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 95 Jeenat Aslam, Ruby Aslam, and Chandrabhan Verma 6.1 Introduction 95 6.1.1 Corrosion and Its Economic Impact 95 6.2 Corrosion Mechanism 96 6.3 Corrosion Inhibitors 97 6.4 Corrosion Inhibitors: Imidazole and Its Derivatives 98 6.5 Computational Studies 110 6.6 Conclusions 113 References 113 7 Pyridine and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 123 Chandrabhan Verma, M. A. Quraishi, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 7.1 Introduction 123 7.1.1 Pyridine and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 124 7.1.2 Literature Survey 125 7.1.2.1 Substituted Pyridine as Corrosion Inhibitors 125 7.1.3 Pyridine-Based Schiff Bases (SBs) as Corrosion Inhibitors 129 7.1.4 Quinoline-Based Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors 130 7.2 Summary and Outlook 130 References 140 8 Quinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 149 Chandrabhan Verma and M. A. Quraishi 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Quinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 151 8.2.1 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 152 8.2.2 Quinoline Derivatives Other Than 8-hydroxyquinoline as Corrosion Inhibitors 156 8.3 Conclusion and Outlook 160 References 161 9 Indole and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 167 Taiwo W. Quadri, Lukman O. Olasunkanmi, Ekemini D. Akpan, and Eno E. Ebenso 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Synthesis of Indoles and Its Derivatives 168 9.3 A Brief Overview of Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibitors 171 9.4 Application of Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors 172 9.4.1 Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of Ferrous Metals 173 9.4.2 Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of Nonferrous Metals 192 9.5 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Indoles 201 9.6 Theoretical Modeling of Indole-Based Chemical Inhibitors 202 9.7 Conclusions and Outlook 205 References 207 10 Environmentally Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Industry 221 M. A. Quraishi and Dheeraj Singh Chauhan 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Corrosion in the Oil-Gas Industry 222 10.2.1 An Overview of Corrosion 222 10.2.2 Corrosion of Steel Structures During Acidizing Treatment 223 10.2.3 Limitations of the Existing Oil and Gas Corrosion Inhibitors 223 10.3 Review of Literature on Environmentally Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors 223 10.3.1 Plant Extracts 223 10.3.2 Environmentally Benign Heterocycles 224 10.3.3 Pharmaceutical Products 226 10.3.4 Amino Acids and Derivatives 228 10.3.5 Macrocyclic Compounds 229 10.3.6 Chemically Modified Biopolymers 229 10.3.7 Chemically Modified Nanomaterials 231 10.4 Conclusions and Outlook 233 References 235 Part III Organic Green Corrosion Inhibitors 241 11 Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 243 Jiyaul Haque and M. A. Quraishi 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Glucose- Based Inhibitors 244 11.3 Chitosan- Based Inhibitors 246 11.4 Inhibition Mechanism of Carbohydrate Inhibitor 251 11.5 Conclusions 252 References 252 12 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 255 Saman Zehra and Mohammad Mobin 12.1 Introduction 255 12.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 257 12.3 Why There Is Quest to Explore Green Corrosion Inhibitors? 258 12.4 Amino Acids and Their Derived Compounds: A Better Alternate to the Conventional Toxic Corrosion Inhibitors 261 12.4.1 Amino Acids: A General Introduction 261 12.4.2 A General Mechanistic Aspect of the Applicability of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 263 12.4.3 Factors Influencing the Inhibition Ability of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives 264 12.5 Overview of the Applicability of Amino Acid and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 264 12.5.1 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor for the Protection of Copper in Different Corrosive Solution 265 12.5.2 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor for the Protection of Aluminium and Its Alloys in Different Corrosive Solution 266 12.5.3 For the Protection of Iron and Its Alloys in Different Corrosive Solution 272 12.6 Recent Trends and the Future Considerations 277 12.6.1 Synergistic Combination of Amino Acids with Other Compounds 277 12.6.2 Self-Assembly Monolayers (SAMs) 278 12.6.3 Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids 278 12.6.4 Amino Acids as Inhibitors in Smart Functional Coatings 279 12.7 Conclusion 280 Acknowledgments 281 References 281 13 Chemical Medicines as Corrosion Inhibitors 287 Mustafa R. Al-Hadeethi, Hassane Lgaz, Abdelkarim Chaouiki, Rachid Salghi, and Han-Seung Lee 13.1 Introduction 287 13.2 Greener Application and Techniques Toward Synthesis and Development of Corrosion Inhibitors 288 13.2.1 Ultrasound Irradiation-Assisted Synthesis 288 13.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 289 13.2.3 Multicomponent Reactions 289 13.3 Types of Chemical Medicine-Based Corrosion Inhibitors 291 13.3.1 Drugs 291 13.3.2 Expired Drugs 291 13.3.3 Functionalized Drugs 292 13.4 Application of Chemical Medicines in Corrosion Inhibition 292 13.4.1 Drugs 292 13.4.2 Expired Drugs 297 13.4.3 Functionalized Drugs 305 Acknowledgments 306 References 306 14 Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors 315 Ruby Aslam, Mohammad Mobin, and Jeenat Aslam 14.1 Introduction 315 14.2 Inhibition of Metal Corrosion 316 14.3 Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors 317 14.3.1 In Hydrochloric Acid Solution 318 14.3.2 In Sulfuric Acid Solution 322 14.3.3 In NaCl Solution 334 14.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 335 Acknowledgment 336 Abbreviations 336 References 337 15 Oleochemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors 343 F. A. Ansari, Sudheer, Dheeraj Singh Chauhan, and M. A. Quraishi 15.1 Introduction 343 15.2 Corrosion 344 15.2.1 Definition and Economic Impact 344 15.2.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 344 15.3 Significance of Green Corrosion Inhibitors 345 15.4 Overview of Oleochemicals 345 15.4.1 Environmental Sustainability of Oleochemicals 345 15.4.2 Production/Recovery of Oleochemicals 346 15.5 Literatures on the Utilization of Oleochemicals as Corrosion Protection 349 15.6 Conclusions and Outlook 365 References 366 Part IV Organic Compounds-Based Nanomaterials as Corrosion Inhibitors 371 16 Carbon Nanotubes as Corrosion Inhibitors 373 Yeestdev Dewangan, Amit Kumar Dewangan, Shobha, and Dakeshwar Kumar Verma 16.1 Introduction 373 16.2 Characteristics, Preparation, and Applications of CNTs 374 16.3 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors 376 16.3.1 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Ferrous Metal and Alloys 376 16.3.2 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Nonferrous Metal and Alloys 377 16.4 Conclusion 381 Conflict of Interest 381 Acknowledgment 381 Abbreviations 381 References 382 17 Graphene and Graphene Oxides Layers Application as Corrosion Inhibitors in Protective Coatings 387 Renhui Zhang, Lei Guo, Zhongyi He, and Xue Yang 17.1 Introduction 387 17.2 Preparation of Graphene and Graphene Oxides 388 17.2.1 Graphene 388 17.2.2 N-doped Graphene and Its Composites 390 17.2.3 Graphene Oxides 390 17.3 Protective Film and Coating Applications of Graphene 390 17.4 The Organic Molecules Modified Graphene as Corrosion Inhibitor 398 17.5 The Effect of Dispersion of Graphene in Epoxy Coatings on Corrosion Resistance 399 17.6 Challenges of Graphene 404 17.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 404 References 406 Part V Organic Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 411 18 Natural Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 413 Marziya Rizvi 18.1 An Overview of Natural Polymers 413 18.2 Mucilage and Gums from Plants 415 18.2.1 Guar Gum 415 18.2.2 Acacia Gum 415 18.2.3 Xanthan Gum 417 18.2.4 Ficus Gum/Fig Gum 417 18.2.5 Daniella oliveri Gum 419 18.2.6 Mucilage from Okra Pods 419 18.2.7 Corn Polysaccharide 419 18.2.8 Mimosa/Mangrove Tannins 420 18.2.9 Raphia Gum 420 18.2.10 Various Butter-Fruit Tree Gums 420 18.2.11 Astragalus/Tragacanth Gum 421 18.2.12 Plantago Gum 421 18.2.13 Cellulose and Its Modifications 421 18.2.13.1 Carboxymethyl Cellulose 422 18.2.13.2 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose 422 18.2.13.3 Hydroxyethyl Cellulose 422 18.2.13.4 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose 423 18.2.13.5 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose 423 18.2.13.6 Ethyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose or EHEC 423 18.2.14 Starch and Its Derivatives 423 18.2.15 Pectin 424 18.2.16 Chitosan 425 18.2.17 Carrageenan 426 18.2.18 Dextrins 427 18.2.19 Alginates 427 18.3 The Future and Application of Natural Polymers in Corrosion Inhibition Studies 429 References 431 19 Synthetic Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 435 Megha Basik and Mohammad Mobin 19.1 Introduction 435 19.2 General Mechanism of Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 437 19.3 Corrosion Inhibitors – Synthetic Polymers 437 19.4 Conclusion 445 Useful Links 447 References 447 20 Epoxy Resins and Their Nanocomposites as Anticorrosive Materials 451 Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Eno E. Ebenso, Chandrabhan Verma,A. El Harfi, and M. El Gouri 20.1 Introduction 451 20.2 Characteristic Properties of Epoxy Resins 452 20.3 Main Commercial Epoxy Resins and Their Syntheses 453 20.3.1 Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (DGEBA) 453 20.3.2 Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins 454 20.3.3 Trifunctional Epoxy Resins 455 20.3.4 Phenol-Novolac Epoxy Resins 456 20.3.5 Epoxy Resins Containing Fluorine 456 20.3.6 Epoxy Resins Containing Phosphorus 457 20.3.7 Epoxy Resins Containing Silicon 458 20.4 Reaction Mechanism of Epoxy/Amine Systems 459 20.5 Applications of Epoxy Resins 461 20.5.1 Epoxy Resins as Aqueous Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 461 20.5.2 Epoxy Resins as Coating Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 466 20.5.3 Composites of Epoxy Resins as Corrosion Inhibitors 467 20.5.4 Nanocomposites of Epoxy Resins as Corrosion Inhibitors 468 20.6 Conclusion 471 Abbreviations 471 References 472 Index483