A Re-Appraisal of Forestry Development in Developing Countries (Forestry Sciences)

This book is directed at foresters who work, or have an interest, in the developing world, and at development analysts and theorists who are concerned with the forestry sector. Most readers will be aware that in recent years, some fundamental changes in thinking about the development process in very poor countries have occurred. At one level, the underdevelopment problem has been explained as a lack of absorptive capacity, or implementation ability in very poor countries. However, it now seems that these are only symptoms of a more profound ailment in the whole economic structural and philosophical approach to development. The idea that poor countries could transform their economies through an accelerated process of industrialisation has proved largely incorrect, or at least highly premature. Within the rural sector, emphasis on productivity and aggregate income growth have been shown to have had little effect or, worse still, negative effects, on the burgeoning group of poor and landless rural dwellers. 1: Issues in Economic Development.- 1: Economic Growth, Population and Modernisation.- 1.1 Growth and the GNP Criterion.- 1.2 Population and Development.- 1.2.1 Some general observations on population.- 1.2.2 The case of Bangladesh.- 1.3 Modernisation Theories and the Allocation of Capital.- 1.3.1 The take-off to development and the ‘Big Push’.- 1.3.2 Agriculture re-instated.- 1.3.3 A case in point.- 2: Income Distribution: The Critical Issue.- 2.1 Trade, Tariffs and the New International Economic Order.- 2.2 Fina ncial Dualism, the Monetary System and Disguised Unemployment.- 2.3 Development and Income Distribution.- 2.3.1 Dependency theory.- 2.3.2 Appropriate technology.- 2.3.3 Basic needs.- 2: The Role of Forestry in Development.- 3: Approaches to Forestry Development.- 3.1 Project Evaluation in Forestry.- 3.2 Forestry in Development: The Original Westoby View.- 3.3 The Forest Industries of Bangladesh.- 3.3.1 Pulp and Paper.- 3.3.2 Manufactured Board.- 3.3.3 Sawmilling.- 3.3.4 Interpretations.- 3.4 Is There a Forest Industry Option?.- 3.5 Forestry in Development: Newer Approaches.- 3.6 The Malaysian Example.- 4: Forests, Fuelwood and People: The Linkage.- 4.1 Tropical Forests and the Environment.- 4.1.1 The size and influence of the forest.- 4.1.2 The use of the forest.- 4.2 The Fuelwood Question.- 4.2.1 The general situation.- 4.2.2 Fuelwood and the rural poor in Bangladesh.- 4.3 Forests and Rural Development.- 4.3.1 The Philippines: a small farmer tree growing project.- 4.3.2 Northern Thailand.- 4.3.3 Kenya.- 4.3.4 China.- 4.3.5 Bangladesh: a community forestry project.- 4.4 Is Agro-forestry Always the Answer?.- 3: Constraints and Conclusions.- 5: New Approaches to Development.- 5.1 Some Political and Historical Aspects.- 5.2 A Perspective on the Economics of Development.- 6: Forestry and Development: the Problem Re-stated.- References.- Appendix A: The Economy of Bangladesh.- Appendix B: Forest Industries of Bangladesh.- Appendix C: Conversion of Plain Land Forests of Bangladesh to Fast-Growing Plantation.