Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications Third Edition is the most detailed treatment available of the latest aerosol measurement methods. Drawing on the know-how of numerous expert contributors; it provides a solid grasp of measurement fundamentals and practices a wide variety of aerosol applications. This new edition is updated to address new and developing applications of aerosol measurement, including applications in environmental health, atmospheric science, climate change, air pollution, public health, nanotechnology, particle and powder technology, pharmaceutical research and development, clean room technology (integrated circuit manufacture), and nuclear waste management. PRAMOD KULKARNI DSc, is a Physical Scientist, Senior Service Fellow, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Environmental Engineering and Science Program at the University of Cincinnati. The late PAUL A. BARON PhD, was a Physical Scientist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. KLAUS WILLEKE PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Health at the University of Cincinnati. PREFACE xi CONTRIBUTORS xiii PART I PRINCIPLES 1 Introduction to Aerosol Characterization 3 Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke 2 Fundamentals of Single Particle Transport 15 Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke 3 Physical and Chemical Processes in Aerosol Systems 31 William C. Hinds 4 Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols 41 Walter John 5 An Approach to Performing Aerosol Measurements 55 Pramod Kulkarni and Paul A. Baron PART II TECHNIQUES 6 Aerosol Transport in Sampling Lines and Inlets 69 John E. Brockmann 7 Sampling and Analysis Using Filters 107 Peter C. Raynor, David Leith, K. W. Lee, and R. Mukund 8 Sampling and Measurement Using Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Techniques 129 Virgil A. Marple and Bernard A. Olson 9 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosols 153 Paul A. Solomon, Matthew P. Fraser, and Pierre Herckes 10 Microscopy and Microanalysis of Individual Collected Particles 179 Robert A. Fletcher, Nicholas W. M. Ritchie, Ian M. Anderson, and John A. Small 11 Real-Time Particle Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 233 Anthony S. Wexler and Murray V. Johnston 12 Semi-Continuous Mass Measurement 255 Ernest Weingartner, Heinz Burtscher, Christoph Hglin, and Kensei Ehara 13 Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications 269 Christopher M. Sorensen, Josef Gebhart, Timothy J. O’Hern, and Daniel J. Rader 14 Real-Time Techniques for Aerodynamic Size Measurement 313 Paul A. Baron, Malay K. Mazumder, Yung-Sung Cheng, and Thomas M. Peters 15 Electrical Mobility Methods for Submicrometer Particle Characterization 339 Richard C. Flagan 16 Instruments and Samplers Based on Diffusional Separation 365 Yung-Sung Cheng 17 Condensation Particle Counters 381 Yung-Sung Cheng 18 Instruments Based on Electrical Detection of Aerosols 393 Suresh Dhaniyala, Martin Fierz, Jorma Keskinen, and Marko Marjamki 19 Electrodynamic Levitation of Particles 417 E. James Davis 20 Fundamentals of Cone-Jet Electrospray 435 Alessandro Gomez and Weiwei Deng 21 Calibration of Aerosol Instruments 449 Bean T. Chen, Robert A. Fletcher, and Yung-Sung Cheng 22 Size Distribution Data Analysis and Presentation 479 Gurumurthy Ramachandran and Douglas W. Cooper PART III APPLICATIONS 23 Nonspherical Particle Measurement: Shape Factor, Fractals, and Fibers 509 Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, Christopher M. Sorensen, and Martin Harper 24 Biological Particle Sampling 549 Tiina Reponen, Klaus Willeke, Sergey Grinshpun, and Aino Nevalainen 25 Workplace Aerosol Measurement 571 Jon C. Volkwein, Andrew D. Maynard, and Martin Harper 26 Ambient Aerosol Sampling 591 John G. Watson and Judith C. Chow 27 Indoor Aerosol Exposure Assessment 615 Charles E. Rodes 28 Radioactive Aerosols 635 Mark D. Hoover 29 Measurement of Cloud and Aerosol Particles from Aircraft 655 James C. Wilson and Haflidi Jonsson 30 Satellite-Based Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols 667 Rudolf B. Husar 31 Atmospheric New Particle Formation: Physical and Chemical Measurements 681 Peter H. McMurry, Chongai Kuang, James N. Smith, Jun Zhao, and Fred Eisele 32 Electrical Classification and Condensation Detection of Sub-3-nm Aerosols 697 Juan Fernandez de la Mora 33 High Temperature Aerosols: Measurement and Deposition of Nanoparticle Films 723 Pratim Biswas and Elijah Thimsen 34 Characterization and Measurement of Atmospheric Large Particles (PM > 10 mm) 739 Kenneth E. Noll and Dhesikan Venkatesan 35 Manufacturing of Materials by Aerosol Processes 751 George Skillas, Arkadi Maisels, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, and Toivo T. Kodas 36 Aerosol Measurements in Cleanrooms 771 David S. Ensor and Anne Marie Dixon 37 Sampling Techniques in Inhalation Toxicology 785 Owen R. Moss 38 Factors Governing Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Particulate Matter 793 Vincent Castranova 39 Measurement of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Inhalation Aerosols 805 Anthony J. Hickey and David Swift APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS 821 APPENDIX B: CONVERSION FACTORS 831 APPENDIX C: COMMONLY USED CONSTANTS 833 APPENDIX D: SOME PROPERTIES OF AIR AND WATER 835 APPENDIX E: KEY DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS 837 APPENDIX F: PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES 839 APPENDIX G: GEOMETRIC FORMULAS 841 APPENDIX H: BULK DENSITY OF SOME COMMON AEROSOL MATERIALS 843 APPENDIX I: MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS 845 INDEX 865