Fruit Flies: Biology and Management

Fruit flies are enormously important economic pests, as California has learned over the past few years (remember the Mediterranean Fruit Fly?). The problem is expected to get worse, and issues of both basic research and control measures are very important for this pest. This book is the edited, camera-ready proceedings of a recent international symposium on fruit flies of economic importance. It covers current knowledge of fruit fly physiology, genetics, morphology and behavior. It discusses action programs for controlling and using fruit flies in agronomy, as well as the problem of fruit flies in the fruit growing industry. I Morphology and Biosystematics.- The Fruit Fly Biosystematic Information Data Base.- Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Anastrepha fraterculus.- Evolutionary Patterns in Specialist and Generalist Species of Anastrepha.- Evolutionary Biology of Certain Chilean Rhagoletis Species.- Scanning Electron Microscopy and Its Taxonomic Significance in Fruit Flies.- Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural Host Plants of Anastrepha Fruit Flies in Mexico.- Fruit Flies in Belize, Central America.- Occurrence and Distribution of Anastrepha in Melon Production Areas in Brazil.- Morphology and Histology of Salivary and Pleural Glands of Anastrepha from Brazil.- II Physiology.- The Endocrine System of the Tephritidae.- Egg Development in Anastrepha suspensa: Influence of the Ecdysone Agonist, RH 5849.- III Genetics.- Recent Advances and Future Directions in Tephritid Population Genetics.- Effect of Phenology on Allele Frequency Divergence in Apple Maggot Fly Populations.- Drosophila melanogaster as a Model System for Fruit Flies of Economic Importance: The Vitelline Membrane Protein 32E Gene Regulatory Sequences.- Molecular Genetic Studies of Tephritid Species in Hawaii.- Molecular and Genetic Studies of Alcohol Dehydrogenase of Ceratitis capitata.- Genetic Method for Separation of Males and Females of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata, Based on Pupal Color Dimorphism for Mass-Rearing Applications.- Stability of a Double Translocation Strain in Ceratitis capitata.- Yellow: A New Mutant in Ceratitis capitata.- Field Evaluation of a Medfly Genetic Sexing Strain in Hawaii.- IV Ecology.- The Study of Movement in Tephritid Flies: Review of Concepts and Recent Advances.- Recent Advances in the Demography and Invasion Biology of Fruit Flies: A Summary.- Demography of Anastrepha Fruit Flies: A Case Study of Three Species of Economic Importance.- The Parasitoid Complexes of Frugivorous Fruit Flies of Central Europe.- Seasonal Variation of Medfly Occurrences in the Continental United States.- Relationship Between Host Plant Fruiting Phenology and Ceratitis capitata Distribution and Abundance in Hawaii.- Studies on the Complex Interactions Between Anastrepha Fruit Flies and Microorganisms.- Infestation and Injuries Caused by Fruit Flies in Citrus Orchards of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.- Population Distribution of the Oriental Fruit Fly in the Highlands of Northern Taiwan.- V Behavior.- Levels of Quantitative Investigation of Tephritid Fly Foraging Behavior.- Uptake of Plant Surface Leachates by Apple Maggot Flies.- Sexual Selection in Tephritid Fruit Flies and Its Implication in the Sterile Insect Release Method.- Mating and Oviposition Behavior of Anastrepha grandis Under Laboratory Conditions.- Mating Competitiveness of Wild and Laboratory Mass-Reared Medflies: Effect of Male Size.- Female Medfly Refractory Period: Effect of Male Reproductive Status.- Female Medfly Refractory Period: Effect of First Mating with Sterile Males of Different Sizes.- VI Chemical Ecology and Trapping.- Current Research on Fruit Fly Host Marking Pheromones.- Understanding Olfactory Attraction in Anastrepha Using A. ludens as a Model System.- Chemical Ecology of the Papaya Fruit Fly.- Prediction of Ceratitis capitata Captures Based on Climatic Factors.- Influence of Habitat on Ceratitis capitata Response to Trimedlure Traps.- Relative Effectiveness of Jackson and McPhail Traps: A Year-Long Comparison in Coffee in Guatemala.- Efficiency of Trimedlure for Medfly Trapping.- Improving Medfly Capture Efficacy in Jackson Traps.- Improving Fruit Fly Trapping Systems in Reunion Island.- Evaluation of Attractants to Trap Anastrepha Fruit Flies in Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela.- Attractiveness of Three Hydrolyzed Proteins to Ceratitis capitata.- VII Rearing and Quality Control.- Technology Transfer and Medfly Mass Production.- Mass-Rearing of Larval Fruit Fly Parasitoids in Hawaii.- Description of the Medfly Mass-Rearing Process at the San Miguel Petapa, Guatemala, Plant.- Mass-Rearing, Quality Control, and Male-Only Sterile Insect Technique Application with a Pupal Color Genetic Sexing Strain of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly.- Ten Years of Successful Medfly Sterile Mass Production at Metapa, Chiapas, Mexico.- Implementation of the Starter Diet Technique for Medfly Mass- Rearing at Metapa, Chiapas, Mexico.- Colonization and Establishment of Anastrepha serpentina for Mass-Rearing: Preliminary Results.- Adaptation of Anastrepha ludens to an Enriched Recycled Diet.- Process Control for Medfly Mass Production at San Miguel Petapa, Guatemala: A System Approach.- Field Evaluation of Quality: Release-Recapture of Sterile Medflies of Different Sizes.- Gamma Radiation Affecting Pupation and Emergence Rates in the Medfly and the South American Fruit Fly.- Optimum Dosage for Irradiating Anastrepha obliqua Pupae to Obtain Highly Competitive Sterile Adults.- VIII Management and Control.- Fruit Fly Control and Eradication Program Management: Factors Influencing Action Criteria and Program Design.- Biological Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies by Inundative Releases of Natural Enemies.- Automatic Information Systems to Process Data from Field Operations in Fruit Fly Control Programs.- Fruit Fly Eradication in Hawaii: Environmental Considerations for Unique Island Ecosystems.- Efficacy of Sterile Release of Anastrepha suspensa Adults Against Wild Populations.- Eradication of the Melon Fly from the Okinawa Islands in Japan: I. Estimation of Population Density and Number of Sterile Flies Required for Eradication.- Elucidating the Biochemical Bases for Host Plant Selection and Manipulating Resistance to Tephritids.- Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment for Mexican Mangoes.- Thermal Death Kinetics: Importance in Development of Heat-Based Quarantine Treatments.- Use of a Mixture of Boric Acid, Borax, Hydrolyzed Protein, and Water to Control Anastrepha Fruit Flies.- Control Technique of Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae, by Using Mixed Cuelure.- A Selective Chemical Control Method for the Mediterranean Fruit Fly in Guatemala.- Soybean Protein Hydrolysate Bait for Medfly Control.- Monitoring and Control of Fruit Flies by Pheromone Traps in Guava and Mango Orchards.- Intensive Gathering of Potential Fruit Fly Hosts to Obtain Biological Material and as a Cultural Control Method.- IX Action Programs.- The Role of International Organizations in Support of Fruit Fly Action Programs.- Detection of Exotic Fruit Flies in the United States.- The 1989/1990 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Eradication Program in California.- Citrus Production Areas Maintained Free of Caribbean Fruit Fly for Export Certification.- Fruit Fly Eradication Research Programs in Hawaii.- National Plan Against Fruit Flies in Mexico.- Medfly Program in Guatemala and Mexico: Current Situation.- Pilot Eradication Project for the Carambola Fruit Fly in Coronie, Suriname.- Free Zone Program of Anastrepha grandis in Ecuador.- A Central American Program for Fruit Fly Control.- Control of Fruit Flies in the Tropical Regions of Asia.- The Eradication of the Melon Fly from the Okinawa Islands, Japan: II. Current Control Program.- X Fruit Fly Problems: A View from Industry.- California Fruit Industry Comments Regarding Fruit Fly Research.- Florida Citrus Industry Comments Regarding Fruit Fly Research.- Species Index.- Author Index.