Illicit drugs are an emerging class of environmental contaminants and mass spectrometry is the technique of choice for their analysis. This landmark reference discusses the analytical techniques used to detect illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water, details how to estimate the levels of contaminants in the environment, and explores the behavior, fate, and toxic effects of this new class of contaminants, now a ubiquitous presence in wastewater and surface water. The book details how an estimate of illicit drug consumption in a given population can be developed from an analysis of the residues of illicit drugs in wastewater. An important resource for analytical chemists, environmental researchers, forensic scientists, biologists, and toxicologists. SARA CASTIGLIONI obtained her PhD from the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research in Milan, Italy, for her work on a project entitled “Occurrence, behaviour and effects of pharmaceuticals for human and veterinary use in aquatic ecosystems.” She is author of twenty publications that deal with drugs in the environment. ETTORE ZUCCATO obtained his postdoctoral degree in human nutrition in 1999 from Milan Medical School and, in 2005, became Head of the Laboratory of Food Toxicology. His current research areas include food safety, the study of dietary chemical contaminants, and other emerging issues in food toxicology. Dr. ROBERTO FANELLI serves as Head of the Environmental Health Sciences Department at the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, where he employs analytical methods based on mass spectrometry to identify and measure biomarkers in toxicology and environmental pollutants, including therapeutic and illicit drugs. PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. I INTRODUCTION. 1 ILLICIT DRUGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (Christian G. Daughton). II THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ILLICIT DRUGS. 2 METABOLISM AND EXCRETION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN HUMANS (Manuela Melis, Sara Castiglioni, and Ettore Zuccato). III MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ILLICIT DRUGS DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT – CURRENT AND NOVEL ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS. 3 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATERS AND SURFACE WATERS (Renzo Bagnati and Enrico Davoli). 4 WIDE-SCOPE SCREENING OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN URBAN WASTEWATER BY UHPLC-QTOF MS (Flix Herndez, Juan V. Sancho, and Lubertus Bijlsma). 5 DETERMINATION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE WATER CYCLE BY LC-ORBITRAP MS (Pim de Voogt, Erik Emke, Rick Helmus, Pavlos Panteliadis, and Jan A. van Leerdam). IVA MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: OCCURRENCE AND FATE IN WASTEWATER AND SURFACE WATER. 6 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATER IN SPAIN (Cristina Postigo, Miren Lpez de Alda, and Damia Barcel). 7 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATER AND SURFACE WATER IN ITALY (Sara Castiglioni and Ettore Zuccato). 8 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN SURFACE WATER AND WASTEWATER IN THE UK (Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern). 9 ON THE FRONTIER: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS INTO SURFACE WATERS IN THE UNITED STATES (Tammy Jones-Lepp, David Alvarez, and Bommanna Loganathan). 10 MONITORING NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS IN SURFACE WATER IN NEBRASKA (USA) (Shannon Bartelt-Hunt, and Daniel D. Snow). IVB MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ILLICIT DRUGS IN DRINKING WATER. 11 PRESENCE AND REMOVAL OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS (Maria Huerta-Fontela, Maria Teresa Galceran, and Francesc Ventura). 12 ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WATER USING DIRECT-INJECTION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY (Rebecca A. Trenholm and Shane A. Snyder). IVC MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: PRESENCE IN AIR AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER. 13 PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN URBAN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES (Angelo Cecinato and Catia Balducci). V APPLICATIONS OF ILLICIT DRUG ANALYSIS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. 14 ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATION FOR ECOTOXICOLOGY (Guido Domingo, Kristin Schirmer, Marcella Bracale, and Francesco Pomati). 15 DRUG ADDICTION-POTENTIAL OF A NEW APPROACH TO MONITORING DRUG CONSUMPTION (Norbert Frost). 16 ASSESSING ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION BY WASTEWATER ANALYSIS: HISTORY, POTENTIAL, AND LIMITATION OF A NOVEL APPROACH (Ettore Zuccato and Sara Castiglioni). 17 COCAINE AND METABOLITES IN WASTEWATER AS A TOOL TO CALCULATE LOCAL AND NATIONAL COCAINE CONSUMPTION PREVALENCE IN BELGIUM (Alexander L.N. van Nuijs, Lieven Bervoets, Philippe G. Jorens, Ronny Blust, Hugo Neels, and Adrian Covaci). 18 MEASUREMENT OF ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION IN SMALL POPULATIONS: PROGNOSIS FOR NONINVASIVE DRUG TESTING OF STUDENT POPULATIONS (Deepika Panawennage, Sara Castiglioni, Ettore Zuccato, Enrico Davoli, and M. Paul Chiarelli). VI CONCLUSIONS. 19 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES (Roberto Fanelli). INDEX.
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