The proton’s and neutron’s internal structures: Physics foundations and new measurements reveal the truth

To correctly interpret nuclear measurements, we strictly adhere to the foundational laws of Physics. We correct a few mistaken assumptions relating to these foundations, such as the blunder of electromagnetic gauges. We avoid paradoxical postulates, fantasy forces, fantasy particles, or curve-fitting parametrization. It turns out that an electron’s and a proton’s internal structures can be described through analogous approach, the main difference being the topology of their Zitterbewegung. Our methodology enables the calculation of proton size, magnetic moment, and Larmor precession – we use only the proton mass as input parameter and avoid the introduction of any additional parameters or postulates. The match between the calculated and experimentally measured proton parameters is remarkable, and cannot be coincidence. To understand the precise meaning of the proton-neutron difference, we survey relevant experiments. We also develop novel measurement methods; our experiments fill in a few missing gaps in the observation of nuclear phenomena. Numerous experiments converge to the same result, which allows us to precisely describe also the neutron’s internal structure, and leads to the discovery of a 1.554 MeV lepton. At the end of this short journey, the reader is rewarded by understanding what comprises the matter we touch. As nuclear energy represents the highest known energy density, the rational development of nuclear technologies is critical for future progress. The correct knowledge of nuclear structures and interactions eventually becomes indispensable for nuclear energy technology development.