Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment: Analysis, Processes, Occurrence, Effects and Risks

Over the last 15 years, the focus of chemical pollution has shifted from conventional pollutants to so-called “emerging” or “new” unregulated contaminants. These include pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, UV filters, perfluorinated compounds, poylybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), pesticides, plasticizers, artificial sweeteners, illicit drugs, and endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). Despite the increasing number of published studies covering emerging contaminants, we know almost nothing about the effects of their transformation products and/or metabolites. This two-volume set provides a unique collection of research on transformation products, their occurrence, fate and risks in the environment. It contains 32 chapters, organised into 7 parts, each with a distinct focus: * General Considerations * Transformation Processes and Treatment Strategies * Analytical Strategies * Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the Environment * Global Speciality and Environmental Status * Risk Assessment, Management and Regulatory Framework * Outlook Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment is a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals in environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, ecotoxicology, environmental sciences, and hydrology, as well as environmental consultants and regulatory bodies. Editors Dimitra A. Lambropoulou Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Leo M. L. Nollet Emeritus, Faculty of Applied Engineering Sciences, University College Ghent, Belgium Preface xiii List of Contributors xv VOLUME 1 PART I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 1 Classifying the Transformation Products (TPs) of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) for Prioritizing Research into their Impact on the Environment and Human Health 3 Jacek Namiesnik, Lidia Wolska, Radosaw Czernych, Grazyna Gaeziowska and Monia Cieszynska References 49 2 Transformation Products of Emerging Organic Compounds as Future Groundwater and Drinking Water Contaminants 65 Marianne E. Stuart and Dan J. Lapworth References 79 PART II TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES 87 3 Phototransformation Processes of Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water 89 Davide Vione and Serge Chiron References 118 4 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants upon Reaction with Conventional Water Disinfection Oxidants 123 Jose Benito Quintana, Rosario Rodil and Isaac Rodr(c)guez References 155 5 Approaches to Water andWastewater Treatment for Removal of Emerging Contaminants: Ongoing Research and Recommendations for Future Work 161 Sixto Malato, P. Fernandez-Ibanez, I. Oller, L. Prieto-Rodriguez, S. Miralles-Cuevas and Alejandro Cabrera-Reina References 175 6 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants Formed during Advanced Oxidation Processes 179 Ioannis K. Konstantinou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Maria Antonopoulou Acknowledgments 218 References 218 7 Enzymatic Reactors Applied for the Biotransformation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 229 J.M. Lema, M.T. Moreira, G. Eibes, T. Lu-Chau, L. Lloret, R. Taboada, A. Arca-Ramos and G. Feijoo References 255 8 Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion of Emerging Contaminants 261 Stuart J. Khan References 274 PART III ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES 281 9 Quality Issues in Water Sampling, Sample Pre-Treatment and Monitoring 283 Sara Bogialli, Stefano Polesello and Sara Valsecchi References 298 10 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants: Analytical Challenges and Future Needs 303 B. Zonja, J. Acena, A. Jelic, M. Petrovic, S. Perez and D. Barcelo Acknowledgments 320 References 320 11 Advanced Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Identification and Structure Elucidation of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants 325 Paola Calza and Fabbri Debora References 346 12 Applications of NMR Techniques for the Identification and Structure Elucidation of Emerging Organic and Other Xenobiotic Organic Contaminants 351 Alfred Preiss and Markus Godejohann List of Abbreviations 377 References 378 Index 385 VOLUME 2 PART IV OCCURRENCE, FATE AND EFFECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF MAJOR CLASSES 385 13 Transformation Products of Pesticides in the Environment: Analysis and Occurrence 387 Ana Aguera Lopez, Marya del Mar Gomez Ramos, and Amadeo R. Fernandez-Alba Acknowledgments 420 References 420 14 Metabolites and Transformation Products of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment as Contaminants of Emerging Concern 425 I. Michael, M.I. Vasquez, E. Hapeshi, T. Haddad, E. Baginska, K. Kummerer, and D. Fatta-Kassinos Acknowledgments 459 References 459 15 Transformation Products of Personal Care Products: UV Filters Case Studies 471 Kristina Pestotnik, Tina Kosjek, and Ester Heath Acknowledgements 499 Abbreviations 499 References 501 16 Transformation Products of Illicit Drugs 505 Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou References 527 17 Transformation Products of Artificial Sweeteners 537 Marco Scheurer, Heinz-Jurgen Brauch, and Frank Thomas Lange References 552 18 Transformation Products of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) 557 Alin C. Dirtu, Alin C. Ionas, Govindan Malarvannan, and Adrian Covaci Acknowledgements 580 References 581 19 Transformation Products of Alkylphenols 589 Montserrat Cortina-Puig, Gabino Bolyvar-Subirats, Carlos Barata, and Silvia Lacorte Acknowledgments 616 References 616 20 Biotic and Abiotic Transformation Processes of Benzotriazoles: Possible Pathways and Products 625 Dimitra Voutsa References 634 21 Identification (Quantitative Determination and Detection) and Fate of Transformation Products of Rocket Fuel 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 639 Bulat Kenessov, Lars Carlsen References 657 22 Assessment of the Occurrence and Fate of Transformation Products of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds EDCs in the Environment 661 Vasiliki Boti, Vasilios Sakkas, and Triantafyllos Albanis References 681 23 Transformation Products of Hazardous Cyanobacterial Metabolites in Water 687 Anastasia Hiskia, Theodoros M. Triantis, Maria G. Antoniou, Armah A. de la Cruz, Kevin O’Shea, Weihua Song, Theodora Fotiou, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Xuexiang He, Joel Andersen, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou References 711 PART V GLOBAL SPACIALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 721 24 Occurrence of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in Water Resources 723 Carlos GonScalves, Maria A.D. de Sousa, and Maria de Fatima Alpendurada References 758 25 Occurrence of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in Water Resources of the United States 763 Imma Ferrer and E. Michael Thurman References 782 26 Spatial Modeling for Elucidation of Perfluorinated Compound Sources and Fate in a Watershed 787 Yasuyuki Zushi and Shigeki Masunaga Acknowledgments 805 References 805 27 Global Distribution of Polyfluoroalkyl and Perfluoroalkyl Substances and their Transformation Products in Environmental Solids 809 Holly Lee and Scott A. Mabury References 830 PART VI RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 839 28 Toxicity and Risk of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants for Aquatic Organisms: Pharmaceutical Case Studies 841 Marina DellaGreca, Marina Isidori, Fabio Temussi References 868 29 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship/Quantitative Structure- Toxicity Relationship (QSAR/QSTR) Modeling as Tools for Assessing Effects and Predicting Risks of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants 871 Lars Carlsen and Bulat Kenessov References 885 30 Steps Toward a Regulatory Framework for Transformation Products in Water 889 Maria D. Hernando Guil, Maria J. Mart?nez-Bueno, Laura Duran, Jose M. Navas and Amadeo R. Fernandez-Alba References 908 31 NORMAN Association: A Network Approach to Scientific Collaboration on Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Europe 915 Jaroslav Slobodnik and Valeria Dulio Acknowledgements 926 References 926 PART VII OUTLOOK 929 32 Outlook 931 Index 937